Human Services

The short version:

Quantitative = Numbers

Qualitative = Other Values

What this means:

• Quantitative research uses numerical data to try to establish causal relationships between variables ("Based on 100 interactions, A causes B.")
• Qualitative research objectively and critically analyzes behaviors, beliefs, feelings, or other values ("People suffering from Illness A tend to be more cautious.")

Descriptive - collects data to describe an identified variable

Comparative (or Correlational) - investigates relationships between two or more variables to identify correlation

Quasi-Experimental - measures effects of an independent variable on the dependent variable, but without any manipulation by the researcher

Experimental (Empirical) - uses the scientific method to look for a cause-effect relationship between variables

Most research articles will not explicitly state that they are presenting quantitative research. Use these tips to help you determine whether an article is presenting quantitative research.

Abstract

The abstract is a brief summary or overview of the article. When reading the abstract, look for some of these key terms:

• Experiment
• Sample
• Control
• Variables (independent, dependent)
• Test
• Data
• (Statistical) Analysis
• Theory or Hypothesis

Methodology

Data may be gathered using a variety of methods such as:

• Observations
• Experiments
• Questionnaires (especially using fixed response options such as ranking, scales, Likert scales, or other numeric answers)

Article Sections

Look for heading or subheadings for sections such as:

• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Methodology or Methods
• Results Discussion
• Conclusion
• References

Data & Analysis Features

Data is often included in the form of charts, tables, graphs, or appendices.

When searching for quantitative research articles, use database tools and extra keywords to help narrow your search.

Database Tools

• Limit search to "Full Text" and "Peer Reviewed"

• Limit search by source type (“Academic Journals” or “Scholarly Journals”) 

(Quantitative) Research Keywords

In addition to keywords for your topic, use words or phrases such as:

• “study” or “studies” 

  • “longitudinal study” 

• “research” 

• “observation” 

• “survey” 

• “experiment” 

• “findings” 

• “subjects” or “participants” 

  • “participant group” 

"Empirical research" includes quantitative research, so you can also check out the following guides for extra tips of finding, identifying, and using research articles: