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Purpose: identifies the work you are quoting, referencing, or paraphrasing so readers can find your sources. In the text, note numbers are included as “superscript” numbers that direct readers to the footnote/endnote with the same number. Notes can be included as footnotes or endnotes. Use footnotes unless the professor/department specifies.
Footnote style: notes appear at the bottom of the page where the text number appears
Endnote style: all notes appear in one list at the end of the paper (but before the bibliography)
Notes should:
Be numbered consecutively, starting with 1.
Include the note numbers in text as “superscript” numbers that direct readers to the footnote with the same number.
Be single-spaced with an indented first line (similar to paragraphs in the main text) and a blank line between notes.
Use regular or smaller text for the notes.
Separate the notes from the main text with a short line (or “rule”).
Always follow the full note format when it is the first note referring to a work.
Use shortened notes when citing the same source in multiple consecutive footnotes.
Follow guidelines for breaking URLs at the end of a line. The break should be made:
After a semicolon (;), colon (:), or double slash (//)
Before a single slash (/), a tilde (~), a period (.), a comma (,), a hyphen (-), an underline (_), a question mark (?), a number sign (#), or a percent symbol (%)
Before OR after an equal sign (=) or an ampersand (&)
1. First-name Last-name, Title of Book: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s).
2. First-name Last-name and First-name Last-name, Title of Book: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s).
3. First-name Last-name, “Title of Part, Chapter, Essay, or Short Story,” in Title of Book: Subtitle, ed. First-name Last-name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s).
4. First-name Last-name, ed., Title of Book: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s).
5. First-name Last-name, Title of Book: Subtitle, trans. First-name Last-name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s).
6. First-name Last-name, Title of Book: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s), URL (including https://) or Name of Database.
7. First-name Last-name, “Title of Article: Subtitle,” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Date): page, https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx or URL (including https://) or Name of Database.
8. First-name Last-name, First-name Last-name, and First-name Last-name, “Title of Article: Subtitle,” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Date): page(s), https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx or URL (including https://) or Name of Database.
9. First-name Last-name, et al., “Title of Article: Subtitle,” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Date): page(s), https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx or URL (including https://) or Name of Database.
10. First-name Last-name, “Title of Article,” Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year, URL (including https://) or Name of Database.
11. First-name Last-name, “Title of Article,” Magazine Title, Month Day, Year, page(s).
12. “Page Title,” Section, Website/Organization, accessed date OR last modified date, URL (including https://).
13. First-name Last-name, “Page Title,” date, location, media type, URL (including https://).
14. Last-name, Shortened Title, page(s).
15. Last-name and Last-name, Shortened Title, page(s).
16. Last-name, “Shortened Title of Part, Chapter, Essay, or Short Story,” page(s).
17. Last-name, Shortened Title, page(s).
18. Last-name, Shortened Title, page(s).
19. Last-name, Shortened Title, page(s).
20. Last-name, “Shortened Article Title,” page(s).
21. Last-name, Last-name, and Last-name, “Shortened Article Title,” page(s).
22. Last-name et al., “Shortened Article Title,” page(s).
23. Last-name, “Shortened Article Title,” page(s).
24. Last-name, “Shortened Article Title,” page(s).
25. Website/Organization, “Shortened Page Title.”
26. “Shortened Page Title.”
27. Last-name, “Shortened Page Title.”